Kamagra repose sur le sildénafil comme principe actif, avec un mode d’action identique à celui du Viagra. La forme galénique en gel oral permet une absorption plus rapide et une concentration plasmatique maximale plus précoce que les comprimés. Le mécanisme implique l’inhibition compétitive de la PDE5, entraînant une relaxation musculaire lisse locale et une vasodilatation ciblée. La demi-vie courte, environ 4 heures, limite la durée d’action. L’élimination se fait après métabolisme hépatique, impliquant majoritairement le CYP3A4. L’incidence d’effets indésirables comprend céphalées, rougeurs et congestion nasale, de façon transitoire. Dans les comparatifs pharmacologiques, acheter kamagra sans ordonnance est associé aux présentations galéniques alternatives disponibles.
Physician assistant protocols
HYPERTENSION MANAGEMENT
When using any protocol, always fol ow the Guidelines of Proper Use (page
Definitions
● In adults ≥ 18 years of age, hypertension
classifications are the following with 2 or more
averaged seated BP measurements over 2 or more
office visits (initial BP may be elevated due to anxiety)
• Some controversy exists if this label should
be given to patients without diabetic, cardiac
Considerations
● SBP > 140 mm Hg in age > 50 years is more
important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor
● Risk doubles for CVD for each SBP/DBP increase of
20/10 mm Hg starting at 115/75 mm Hg blood
● Thiazide diuretics should be used initially or in
combination with other antihypertensive medications
● Most patients will require 2 or more antihypertensive
medications to achieve target blood pressure of <
140/90 mm Hg in patients without diabetes or chronic
renal disease, or < 130/80 mm Hg for diabetic or
● If blood pressure is > 20/10 mm Hg over target BP,
consideration should be given to initiating 2
antihypertensive drugs, one of which should be a
● Clinician’s judgment remains paramount in using
● Self-measured averaged blood pressures at home >
135/85 mm Hg are considered hypertensive
High risk conditions that have indications for initiation of other antihypertensive medications besides a diuretic
● Recurrent stroke prevention in patients with
Evaluation
● Auscultation for carotid, abdominal and femoral bruits
● Abdominal examination for masses and abdominal
● Check legs for edema and arterial pulses
Goals of Therapy
● Target blood pressure of < 140/90 mm Hg in patients
without diabetes or chronic renal disease, or <130/80
mm Hg for diabetic or chronic renal disease patients
with focus on lowering SBP in both groups
Treatment Options without High Risk Conditions Prehypertension
• Weight loss diet rich in potassium and calcium
Stage 1 hypertension
• Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor
Stage 2 hypertension
● Two drug combination of stage 1 hypertension
medications usually (caution if risk of orthostatic
Treatment Options with High Risk Conditions Prehypertension
● Drugs as applicable in condition below
Heart failure
● If asymptomatic give ≥ 1 medication
• Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor
● If symptomatic give ≥ 1 medication with a loop
diuretic ― Lasix (furosemide) or Bumex
• Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor
Ischemic heart disease (stable angina)
● Long acting calcium channel blocker such as
Post myocardial infarction options High risk for coronary disease options Diabetic hypertension options Combination of ≥ drugs usual y needed
• Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor
• ACEI or ARB (reduces diabetic nephropathy)
Chronic renal disease options Definition of chronic renal disease
• Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 cc/min
• Creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL in men and
• Albuminuria > 300 mg/day or 200 mg of
Medications
• Loop diuretic such as Lasix (furosemide) may
be needed with creatinine > 2.5 mg/dL
• Limited rise of up to 35% of creatinine with
ACEI or ARB therapy is acceptable as long as
Recurrent stroke prevention options
● Low dose aspirin (160–325 mg PO qd) if
African Americans
● Thiazide diuretics or CCB more effective than
● ACEI induced angioedema occurs 2–4 times more
Elderly patients
● Initial lower drug doses may be needed, though
standard doses and multiple drugs are needed
eventually in the majority to achieve BP control
● They are at risk of postural hypotension due to
the frequent use of multiple medications
Follow Up and Achieving Blood Pressure
● Monthly follow up till blood pressure control is
● Follow up every 3–6 months when blood control is
● Serum creatinine and potassium should be checked 1–
● Heart failure, diabetes and other comorbidities
influence frequency of visits and tests needed
● Addition of a second drug should be in a different class
if a single drug regimen was started initially and failed
● Do not use 2 drugs in the same class at the same time
(exception is Maxzide or Dyazide which are
Consult Criteria
● Unable to achieve target blood pressure reductions
● Blood pressure ≥ 180/110 mm Hg on 2 or more
● Symptomatic high risk conditions or comorbidities
(CHF, progressive renal insufficiency, hyperkalemia,
Antihypertensive Medications (Refer to PDR or Inserts) Thiazide diuretics
● Chorothiazide (Diuril) 125–250 mg PO qd-bid
● Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) 12.5–50 mg PO qd
Loop diuretics
● Lasix (furosemide) 20–40 mg PO bid
● Bumex (bumetanide) 0.5–1 mg PO bid
Potassium sparing diuretics Aldosterone receptor blockers Beta-blockers
● Toprol XL (metoprolol) 50–100 mg PO qd
Beta-blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity
● Sectral (acebutolol) 200–400 mg PO bid
Combined alpha and beta-blockers
● Coreg (carvedilol) 6.25–25 mg PO bid increase
every 1–2 weeks as tolerated and needed up to
Angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI)
● Accupril (quinapril) 10–80 mg PO qd
Angiotensin receptor blockers
● Atacand (candesartan) 8–32 mg PO qd
● Cozaar (losartan) 25–50 mg PO qd-bid
● Diovan (valsartan) 80–320 mg PO qd
Calcium channel blockers―non-Dihydropyridines
● Cardizem CD (diltiazem) 180–420 mg PO qd
● Cardizem LA (diltiazem) 120–540 mg PO qd
● Calan (verapamil) SR 120–240 mg PO qd-bid
Calcium channel blockers―Dihydropyridines
● Norvasc (amlodipine) 2.5–10 mg PO qd
● Procardia XL (nifedipine) 30–60 mg PO qd
Alpha-1 blockers (not first line drugs)
● Cardura (doxazosin) XL 4–8 mg PO qd
● Minipres (prazosin) 1–5 mg PO bid-tid
● Caution for orthostatic hypotension — give first
Central alpha-2 agonists
● Catapres –TTS (clonidine) patch 0.1–0.3 mg
Combination drugs
● ACEI+CCB (Lotrel) amlodipine and benazepril
● ACEI+HCTZ (Zestoretic) Lisinopril and HCTZ
● ARBs+diuretic (Diovan-HCT) valsartan and HCTZ
● BETABLOCKER+diuretic (Tenoretic) atenolol and
● Diuretic and diuretic (Aldactazide) 25/25 to 50/50
Reference:
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/hypertension/express.pdf
JNC 7 ― The Seventh Report of the Joint National
Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and
Presentiamo ( tratto dal Sito del Gruppo Solidarietà , Via S. D’acquisto 7, 60030 Moie di Maiolati S. (AN). Tel. e fax 0731.703327, e- mail: [email protected] - www.comune.jesi.an.it/grusol Infermiere in classe per l'alunno allergico L'Asl ha il dovere di fare prevenzione anche per il singolo L'alunno di scuola elementare, affetto da allergia grave, tale da essere considerato p ortatore
Eurongo’s 2011 Conference ‘Future Perspective on Development Cooperation: putting SRHR on the Right track’ 13 -13 October 2011 Warsaw Poland Brief report. Moniek van der Kroef Sharenet is not a member of the European NGO’s for sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, Population and Development (the full name of Eurongo’s), since it is not an NGO. As a network of NGO’s, Sh